oxforddnb.com

https://oxforddnb.com· First analyzed 29 Apr 2026· Updated 29 Apr 2026

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oxforddnb.com

Mobile

Sponsored

Hosting Provider

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

aws.amazon.com

IP Address

3.174.113.80

Site Location

🇫🇮 Finlandvia ip

Server Location

🇫🇮 Helsinki, Finland

ASN

AS16509

Organization

AWS CloudFront (GLOBAL)

Server

CloudFront

CDN

CloudFront

Nameservers

ns-2045.awsdns-63.co.uk.ns-241.awsdns-30.com.ns-608.awsdns-12.net.ns-1241.awsdns-27.org.

Performance

100

2 KB

6 requests

0–49

50–89

90–100

Architecture Stack

Monolithic

⚙️ SSR

Infrastructure

Platform

AWS CloudFront

CDN

CloudFront

Technology Stack

1 Technologies Detected

CDN

Amazon CloudFront

SEO Analysis

F28/100

Meta Tags0/15

Content0/12

Headings6/8

Technical10/21

E-E-A-T0/7

Images0/7

Links0/5

URL5/5

Social0/5

Freshness0/4

Mobile4/4

Indexability3/3

oxforddnb.comoxforddnb.com

No Title Found

No description available for this page.

Title Length0 chars

Recommended: 50-60 chars

Description Length0 chars

Recommended: 120-160 chars

Issues (3)

• Missing page title — critical for SEO rankings and SERP display
• Missing meta description — important for click-through rates in SERPs
• Very thin content (0 words). Search engines need substantial content for ranking.

9 issues found

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Local SEO

Local Search Readiness

3/100

Poor

1 14 2

This site doesn't appear to be a local business. Local SEO signals are optional for non-local websites.

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AI & LLM Readiness

F26/100

Bot Access

20/25

Machine Read.

4/25

Schema Data

0/25

Citation

2/25

AI Bot Access

14/14 accessible

AI Search

OAI-SearchBot

PerplexityBot

Claude-SearchBot

Gemini-Deep-Research

DuckAssistBot

Training

GPTBot

ClaudeBot

Google-Extended

Meta-ExternalAgent

Bytespiderinfo

Amazonbot

Applebot-Extended

CCBotinfo

Fetch

ChatGPT-User

Machine Readability

llms.txt

llms-full.txt

Semantic HTML

Heading Hierarchy

Text ratio:0%

Words:0

Token eff.:Too Short

Structured Data

No Schema

Citation Readiness

Opening Summary

Descriptive Headings

Canonical URL

Open Graph0/3

Twitter Card0/3

Language Tag

Publish Date

Author Info

Lists

Tables

TL;DR / Summary

About Page Link

Recommendations (11)

AI readiness recommendation preview...

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Accessibility

WCAG 2.1 Compliance

Evaluates how accessible your website is for users with disabilities, based on WCAG 2.1 guidelines. Checks images, forms, keyboard navigation, ARIA roles, and color contrast.

71/100

Passed

Critical

Warnings

Images & Alt Text

20/20

Checks if images have descriptive alt text for screen readers and visually impaired users.

Semantic Structure

11/20

Evaluates proper use of HTML5 semantic elements (header, nav, main, footer) and heading hierarchy.

Forms & Inputs

15/15

Verifies form fields have labels, error messages are clear, and inputs are properly associated.

Color & Contrast

15/15

Tests text-to-background color contrast ratios against WCAG AA/AAA minimum requirements.

Keyboard & Focus

9/15

Ensures all interactive elements are reachable and operable via keyboard (tab, enter, escape).

ARIA & Roles

1/15

Checks correct use of WAI-ARIA attributes (roles, states, properties) for assistive technologies.

1 recommendation

•Accessibility recommendation preview...

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Carbon Footprint

SWDM v4 · Eco-Score

Carbon emissions estimated using the Sustainable Web Design Model v4 (SWDM v4). Factors in data center, network, and device energy across new and returning visitors. Grade thresholds based on HTTP Archive percentiles.

66/100

A+

<0.001 g

CO₂e / view

2.2 KB

Page Weight

95%

Cleaner Than

New Visitor

<0.001 g

Returning (cached)

<0.001 g

Annual (10K/mo)

24 g

Emission Segments

Data Center

<0.001 g

Network

<0.001 g

Device

<0.001 g

Resource Breakdown

HTML

2.2 KB

Green Hosting Verified

Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Provider Match

3 recommendations

•Carbon footprint recommendation preview...

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Security Score

88%Very Good

Static / Informational

HTTPS

No WAF

133d

Certificate Details

Type

Domain Validated (DV)

Certificate Authority

Amazon

Key Algorithm

RSA (2048 bit)

Signature

SHA-256 with RSA

TLS Version

TLSv1.3

HTTP Protocol

HTTP/2

Valid From

24.02.2026

Valid Until

09.09.2026

OCSP Stapling

Enabled

Subject Alternative Names (20)

*.oxfordhandbooks.com*.oxfordfirstsource.com*.ukwhoswho.comoxfordre.comanb.orgoxfordmusiconline.comadmin.prod.oxfordhandbooks.comoxfordaasc.com+12 more

SHA-256 Fingerprint

F2:4A:B5:49:04:BE:A7:63:DE:ED:50:64:F6:E4:CE:66:55:6D:04:1A...

Recommendations

Security recommendation preview

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HTTP Headers

Developer Console

cache-control

🔴 No Cache(no-store, max-age=0)

content-length

1991

content-security-policy

frame-ancestors 'self'

content-type

text/html; charset=UTF-8

date

Wed, 29 Apr 2026 13:42:02 GMT

referrer-policy

no-referrer-when-downgrade

Good Warning Issue

Email Infrastructure

Custom Mail Server

Score

SPF

DKIM

DMARC

MX Records (1)

lvl3-oup-01.oxforddnb.com

Domain Information

oxforddnb.com

Domain Age

25y 11m

Created

31.05.2000

Expires

31.05.2026

Last Updated

27.05.2025

Registrar

CSC Corporate Domains, Inc.

DNSSEC

Not Enabled

Mobile Compatibility

Viewport & Responsive Test

Tests how well your website works on mobile devices. Checks viewport configuration, responsive layout, touch targets, font readability, and simulates rendering across different screen sizes.

52/100

Mobile Friendly

Viewport Meta

The viewport meta tag tells mobile browsers how to scale the page. Without it, mobile devices render at desktop width.

Responsive Design

Uses CSS media queries or flexible layouts to adapt content to different screen sizes automatically.

Touch Icons

Apple touch icons and favicons displayed when users add the site to their home screen on mobile devices.

Readable Font Size

Base font size should be at least 16px on mobile to ensure text is readable without zooming.

Relative Units

Using em, rem, %, or vw instead of fixed px values allows content to scale properly across screen sizes.

No H-Scroll Risk

No elements wider than the viewport that would cause horizontal scrolling on mobile devices.

Tap Targets OK

Interactive elements (buttons, links) are at least 48x48px with enough spacing to prevent accidental taps.

No Fixed Widths

No elements with fixed pixel widths that could overflow on smaller screens and break the layout.

Viewport

width=device-width, initial-scale=1

3 recommendations

•Mobile compatibility recommendation preview...

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Typography & Readability

Arial

66/100

Readability

/30

19/30

16px · LH --

Hierarchy

/20

8/20

WCAG

/25

19/25

Performance

/25

20/25

System fonts

Heading Font

Arial

Body Font

Arial

Sans16px

Contrast Ratio

Reading Comfort

Single Family

left aligned

✅ Excellent readability: 16px body text is ideal for all devices.

❌ Very complex text: Flesch score 0/100. Consider shorter sentences and simpler words.

✅ System fonts: Zero font loading delay — best possible LCP impact.

Flesch 0

Color Palette

1 unique colors

Light

#ffffff

Background· 100%

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Scripts & Styles

1 Resources

Scripts

Styles

Async

Defer

Top Script Sources

3eb0914a6852.69fcc3ae.us-east-1.token.awswaf.com(1)

Website Identity

oxforddnb.com

25 years old

Location detected: 🇫🇮 Finlandvia ip

CSC Corporate Domains, Inc.en

Sponsored

Last analyzed: 29 Apr 2026 at 13:42

Historical Analysis & Change Tracking